copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Decrease in hereditary diseases and birth defects due to a highly diverse gene pool. So, what is exogamy? One important predictor is whether or not women engage in craft specialization or work outside the householdwhen they do so, there is a lower likelihood of arranged marriage (Hull 1989). Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) acknowledged that their sample, focusing on nonindustrial societies, did not include the most complex societies, and therefore they suggested that the relationship with complexity was probably curvilinear, with the least and most complex societies being less likely to have extended family households. An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). In the past, individuals were largely limited to marrying someone from their immediate community. Why? 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If cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed or preferred? Indirect support for the sex-ratio hypothesis comes from research on the presence of polyandrous marriages. Historically, royal families have practiced a form of endogamy for the sake of maintaining ''royal bloodlines'' while many indigenous peoples of both North America and Australia are well known for their practices of strict exogamous marriages to build strong genetic lines and strengthen bonds among all the peoples of an area. In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. Although some research supports the idea that societies with matrilocal residence are more tolerant of divorce (Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969), other research does not find the relationship particularly strong when other factors are controlled (Ackerman 1963; Pearson and Hendrix 1979). dowry 1969. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. In fact, there are relatively few societies that do not allow divorce for any reason (Betzig 1989; Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969). Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). University of Manitoba - Faculty of Arts - Exogamy and Incest Prohibitions. Exogamy is a widely practiced marriage custom whereby individuals marry outside of their social group. Murdock, George Peter, and Douglas R. White. The more likely that marital residence is with or near the husbands kin, the more likely there is compensation to the brides kin (M. Ember 1970). Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. What about brothers? It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. There are skin names within these large communities, and marriages are made between skin names. Coult, Allan D., and Robert W. Habenstein. Second, the relationship appears stronger in societies with simpler forms of agriculture (Osmond 1965). 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[citation needed] If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as pedigree collapse. In societies in which the large, or extended, family remains the basic unit, marriages are usually arranged by the family. Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). Marriage outside this group is exogamy. Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. 1. She was State Archaeologist of Iowa from 2002 to 2006. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. But since women in the Arab Khalifate region are typically secluded, women would be unlikely to be able to cultivate their portion of land, leaving it to be controlled by her husband. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. Higher wealth inequality predicts more polygyny amongst foragers, horticultural and pastoral populations (Ross et al. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. Extended family households are more likely in societies where. Religious exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own religion. Omissions? And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. 1979. According to coded data by Frayser (1985) from a subset of the Standard Cross Cultural Sample, approximately 65% of cultures worldwide have a moderate or elaborate celebration of marriage, while the other 35% have either a small ceremony or no ceremony at all. There also may be broader societal consequences. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. Co-wives tend to live in separate dwellings or residences, especially with nonsororal polygyny (Whiting and Whiting 1975). In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. This distinction mostly matters in societies with patrilineal or matrilineal descent because in such societies one set of parallel cousins is in your own kin group, while cross-cousins are generally not. What is exogamy? [5], In one Old Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of "neonatal and postneonatal mortality. While they are rarely the typical form of marriage in a society, societies practicing polyandry to some degree are more likely to have an opposite sex ratio favoring males rather than females (Starkweather and Hames 2012 see polyandry section below). When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. 2016. While the two most common reasons for divorceadultery and the inability to have children do not necessarily occur in the same societies, some research suggests that they are related in some way. 2016. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. Such lineages may in turn be grouped into clans or moieties. The children of siblings of the same gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her sister or of a man and his brother are parallel cousins to each other). In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. There are a couple of known exceptions to the claim that marriage is a universal custom. Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. (Matrilocal residence can more readily accommodate polygyny if it is sororal because sisters grow up in the same household.).
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