Individuals dont make value-free, influence-free choices (see blue box on the right below). No, Is the Subject Area "Social theory" applicable to this article? Pierceall and Keim [2] discovered that 87% of university students experience moderate to high levels of stress during this stage of life. Thus, hypothesis 1c is supported. Model fit can be evaluated by goodness-of-fit indices; like chi-square/degree of freedom ratio (CMIN/DF), comparative fit index (CFI), goodness-of-fit index (GFI), normed fit index (NFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). 115, 103316. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.06.004, Lent, R. W., and Brown, S. D. (2020). Meta-analysis cannot replace focused empirical research in addition to it could not adopt the full complexity of interrelationships between constructs [106, 109]. Derived from the social cognitive career theory (SCCT), the present study developed a model for the empirical examination of factors affecting the life satisfaction of university students. 2.1 Difference between Cognitive Theory and Structural Theory Cognitive theories are of great importance to knowledge resources and strategies for learning (attention . Effectiveness of a career intervention for empowerment of institutionalized youth. Due to the rapid changes as a response to the technological innovations in the current society, the original relationship between organizations and employees has become unstable, and a new model of boundaryless career has been established (Arthur and Rousseau, 1996). Previous studies tend to use quantitative methods to validate the SCCT framework (Lent et al., 2017; Penn and Lent, 2019), while few studies explore the career selection process adopting qualitative research approaches. 34, 279288. Yes, i can: testing an intervention to increase middle school students' college and career self-efficacy. Bandura's social cognitive theory. In summary, multiple forms of SCCT interventions need to be developed. In practice, this means that if an individual engages in an activity they feel they are good at and they expect positive outcomes from, they are more likely to set higher level goals for participating more in this activity. The boundaryless career model, characterized by complexity, non-linearity, and unpredictability, emphasizes the influence of the environment on individuals. Holland theory of vocational types. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Social cognitive theory distinguishes among three modes of agency: direct personal agency, proxy agency that relies on others to act on one's behest to secure desired outcomes, and collective agency exercised through socially coordinative and interdependent effort. Barnard, S., Deyzel, L., Adams, C., Fouche, C., and Kruger, L. (2008). This stress leads to many undesirable results such as anxiety, isolation, and low self-confidence [3], which might influence their mental health. Inconsistencies in the scores were settled after the debate between the two researchers. Future studies need to consider different cultural contexts when applying the SCCT model. There are a number of Career Development theories, but no one theory is comprehensive. Support with goal setting and self-regulation, especially for clients with low levels of conscientiousness or by helping clients frame their goals. The oldest study included in this research was published in 2005, while the latest study was printed in 2018. Moreover, the model may be considered as satisfactory if the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) is between 0.03 and 0.08. The quality assessment tool was employed to check four key parts of the study: design, sample selection, instrument, and data analysis. (Lent, et al., 1994). All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The theory-driven meta-analysis offers a method to address unanswered research questions and reach a sense of theoretical transparency of the relationships that career development researchers strive to understand [111]. Previous studies similarly addressed the roles of PTs and ESs, such as background experiences [61]. We would like to thank and extend our sincere gratitude to the reviewers for their support in this study. SCCT emphasizes individual and environmental changes and views career choice as a relatively dynamic system as time changes, which proves to be more adaptive to the contemporary society than traditional career theories. Consequently, means and standard deviations for each construct were set to 0 and 1, respectively. Build on the designated score, studies were categorized as low (04), moderate (59), or high (1014) quality. For this purpose, the study draws on the concept of life satisfaction from Diener and colleagues [7], who described it as the subjective evaluation and overall cognitive judgment of life. With the development of computer networks, career intervention has evolved into an online format. doi: 10.1002/cdq.12110, Hirschi, A., Niles, S. G., and Akos, P. (2011). These attainments and rewards will them become influencers on the individuals self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations in a dynamic process. Previous literature has commonly believed that an additive association among DS and life satisfaction does exist [37]. On the basis of their research and represented model above, Lent et al. The range of I2 is from 79.297 to 94.891. The sample size (n) of every study and the observed association of SCCT variables were gathered to execute the meta-analytic path analysis. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Values, such as money and status, are integrated in outcome expectations and we expect these to happen when we engage in activities we are interested in. Career development theories. Last but not least, it would be useful for prospective studies to test SCCT constructs in predicting life satisfaction of university students, which can be moderated by cultural [114], field-specific, measurement, or sampling considerations. Whether youre an advocate of nature, nurture or a combination of both, Lent et al. As specified by Kline [92], the model suggested an unsuitable fit for the model. Extraversion and neuroticism may influence people's interpretation of how they deal with past decisions (Penn and Lent, 2019). J. Vocat. The associations between life satisfaction and three SCCT constructs were positive (ranging from 0.291 to 0.436), while the correlations of all SCCT constructs were positive. Later, Lent [47] stated that SE is a predictor of GP for undergraduates because they anticipate to obtain favorable results when pursuing actions at which they think are effective. The concept of self efficacy is the focal point of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory. Front. 47, 424439. Future studies on the evaluation of SCCT can be conducted on the following three factors. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Yes Strengths and Limitations of Social Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory created by psychologist Albert Bandura has strengths as well as limitations. Social cognitive career theory. It is vital to mention that this study like other meta-analyses is limited due to the availability of obtainable findings [101]. Life satisfaction is a main factor in the work domain, a supreme goal in human existence after basic needs, and has numerous further positive components such as being an active social player and being in good health [8]. Although it is not yet clear that PTs are flexible to modification by psychological intervention, the findings are in line with results from different contexts such as the employees' selection literature that PTs augment overall cognitive ability as main antecedents of life satisfaction [98]. It developed into the SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior. Lets see how this works within their model in how these building blocks were used in exploring how basic career interests are developed within individuals. Longitudinal investigations have provided support for this relationship [62]. The key notion has been that though career choice actions are performed through the lifetime, the concepts are most noticeable through the late teenage years and early adulthood when people are planning to join the workforce [14]. The sample sizes ranged from 111 [73] and 1,187 [71]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.g004. 10, 225232. Findings regarding socio-cognitive factors in predicting LS are conflicting. Therefore, all sixteen studies were kept for analysis (see Table 2). It asserts that personal attributes, surroundings, and overt behaviors affect a person's career choice. Yes The expression of a primary choice to enter a field of work or study, Taking actions to implement ones goal (e.g. It is proposed that human traits, social-cognitive factors, along with measurable success in other domains of life, should be expected for LS [20]. Discussion. According to Lent and Brown [30], ESs as reinforcement, modeling, and positive feedback provide assets to individuals that can increase the sense of satisfaction [20]. Received: 20 August 2022; Accepted: 16 November 2022; Published: 30 November 2022. Lent et al. Regarding the student development guidance model, the school career development is designed on three levels. Self-e cacy is an important component in the social cognitive career theory . In a meta-analysis, a summary effect is provided that explains the overall trend. SCCT emphasizes the role of learning experiences, environmental factors, and interests, which consequently leads to the ambiguity of the evaluation criteria, especially the qualitative evaluation methods. The structural model showed that PTs positively predicted life satisfaction ( = .310, p-value = 0.000). Or did it take some work before it clicked? J. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations change dynamically as learning experiences change, and a developmental perspective is used to view career development. (Theory of Work Adjustment) TWA theory includes an emphasis on how satisfactory a worker is to an employer. Adolescents' perceived career challenges and needs in a disadvantaged context in South Africa from a social cognitive career theoretical perspective. To sum up, the school career intervention system is based on the three levels of career development. In terms of sequencing the assessment, it may be careful to collect decision-making process and contextual information either prior to or along with content data, as a rush to evaluate interests may ignore personal or contextual factors affecting responses to the assessment instrument, the understanding of results, or the willing to engage in exploration or to make a decision (Lent and Brown, 2020). With their identities and goals so deeply rooted in athletics from a young age, many athletes have not shown interest in or been educated in other fields of work. These interventions can be designed to help university students to secure new supports or utilize existing ones that may enable them by strengthening SE, DS, and life satisfaction. This finding is in line with Loewes [93] study, which proved DS as an antecedent of life satisfaction. What about different cultures? Topics, trends, and features of career education research in international academic community. Community career counselling: cleaning the house well as a workplace skill. For instance, some have declared that personality features toward life satisfaction are more important than domain satisfaction [21], while other researchers disagreed [22]. Conceptualization, The approach of merging meta-analysis and SEM could help create theory-based interferences to foster life satisfaction. 66, 304325. The rest did not achieve most of the criteria listed in the QAVTCS, so it was scored as 3 which was of low-level quality and was omitted from additional review. The process of career development theory comes from four disciplines: . doi: 10.10520/EJC112568, Buthelezi, T., Alexander, D., and Seabi, J. Three-level developmental guidance program for high school students. PTs may influence vocational confidence in a parallel way to interests [14]. *Correspondence: Xiping Liu, lxp3771@sina.com, Advantages of social cognitive career theory, Challenges to social cognitive career theory, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1023994, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). According to Latham, Mawritz, and Locke [33], having goals and experiencing growth toward ones goals directs to bigger stages of satisfaction. use the header of cultural influences to group these together. 116-117). doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.01.002, Lent, R. W., Larkin, K. C., and Brown, S. D. (1989). This inconsistency in previous findings reflects that personality traits are different in every culture and country. These limitations may create more future research opportunities to progress research on WPSS and PCB in work placement learning context. It does not store any personal data. In running a path analysis by maximum-likelihood estimate, the authors used the created correlation matrix. The university-to-work transition is a vital step in the creation of a job identity for graduates. J. Vocat. Lent, Brown, and Hackett's (1994) social cognitive career theory (SCCT) is a model of career development that delineates how person inputs, contextual affordances, and sociocognitive variables affect the formation of vocational interests, career goals, and actions. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. SCCT consists of 4 distinct but overlapping models (Lent, 2013, p. 120): In each of these 4 models, the 3 basic building blocks above are seen to interact with other aspects of a person (gender, ethnicity etc) and their environment as well as learning experiences they have. Behav. The results demonstrated support for the alternative model of SCCT in predicting life satisfaction. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA) is not a free and open access software. If you found Bandura difficult to get your head around, this takes it a step further. No, Is the Subject Area "Employment" applicable to this article? Arthur, M. B., and Rousseau, D. M. (1996). Social Cognitive Career Theory ( SCCT) is built upon two well known theories. By Charmaine Johnson. Res. This is the model as a blend of the top-down and bottom-up approaches toward describing subjective well-being [32]. SCCT is a model proposed by Lent [14] to clarify the conditions in which: (a) career hobbies are established; (b) academic and vocational options are chosen; (c) career determination is performed. The theory introduces the mechanism of the interaction of individual, behavioral and environmental factors into the career field. These diverse results regarding SCCT necessitate a meta-analytic review. As in past meta-analyses that have also employed additional path analyses [89], the harmonic mean of the sample sizes underpinning each effect size described in the path models was used as the input sample size. What kinds of different goals are there and is the model always applicable? The SCCT framework provides a theoretical foundation for career coaching. The results were organized into a correlation matrix (see Table 6), which facilitated to create a base for subsequent path analyses. The present study suggested that researchers should embrace this alternative model when synthesizing SCCT factors. 1. 47, 209221. As revealed in Fig 4, ESs were significant in justifying the proportion of SE ( = .226, p-value = 0.000). No, Is the Subject Area "Personality" applicable to this article? While the extended SCCT employs the term work satisfaction, this is meant to generally comprise other forms of satisfaction as well. Social Cognitive Theory: Explains how people acquire and maintain certain behavioral patterns, while also providing the basis for intervention strategies. 4. New York, NY: Freeman. Career Theory and Practice: Learning Through Case Studies illustrates the process, theories, and application of career development counseling through a series of rich case studies integrated throughout the text. The two types of contextual variables contain elements that overlap with each other, such as family and other social factors, these factors contribute to an individual's academic and career performance differently at different stages. SCCT is concerned with ESs as a predictor of DS. One main critique of this theory is that it really only works with people who have full cognitive ability. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.g001. Watching what others do and the human thought process influences the careers we choose in Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. Thus, they warned academics to utilize domain-specific measures in any examinations of extended SCCT. Revisiting discarded options and exploring these with the help of one of the SCCT models, these may be opened up again. Social cognitive career theory initially included three interrelated models: the career interest development model, the choice-making model, and the career performance and persistence model ( Lent et al., 1994 ), and was later expanded to include two additional models, one focusing on satisfaction and well-being model in educational and 46, 115. Silva et al. Blustein [19] affirmed SCCT as the most important theory in career development which offers a powerful clarifying notion for scholars (p. 350). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Limitations and Future Directions. The social cognitive career theory (SCCT) would be effective in providing Ronald with career counseling. Bandura defines self-efficacy as a personal judgment of how well someone can execute a course or courses of action required to deal with prospective situations. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t006. GP represents a third type of cognitive variable. The obtained outcome data comprised a correlation matrix of SCCT variables, which were ESs, SE, OEs, GP, DS, PTs, and life satisfaction. Formal analysis, Career Dev. The SCCT interventions mostly take the form of the workshop (Ali et al., 2019; McWhirter et al., 2019), and individual counseling may be more appropriate for special groups. 39, 144151. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This proposes that the correlations are fairly heterogeneous. However, qualitative assessment methods may be complicated, especially for special groups. Lent, Brown, and Hackett [29] suggested that SCCT, with its attention to both individual and background variables, can be a useful model to describe the university-to-work transition. This reminds me strongly of the work of Gottfredson. According to Borenstein [83], the random-effects model permits that the true effect size may differ from study to study (normally distributed). Child. Data Availability: There are some legal restrictions on sharing the data for the present study. Krumboltz's learning theory of career counseling. These three variables are seen as basic "building blocks" of career development. Lent, R. W., and Brown, S. D. (2008). Therefore, hypothesis 2e is accepted. Tang (2009) in her research in the gender implications of SCCT is an example of this which made me at the same time realise that this model allows research into, or exploration of gender bias and cultural bias. This theory implies that cognitive factors influence career development and decision-making ( Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2017 ). Thus, hypothesis 4b is accepted. Frank Parsons Trait and Factor Theory. Bandura's social cognitive theory. Furthermore, Lent [14] found that SE will directly affect the kinds of interests that a person will grow. 16, 621. An alternative model was offered and then assessed. Thus, they have started to call for the combination of PTs into any model assessing the backgrounds of academic and career options. Linked to this, it can help with exploring ways of getting around these blocks preventing the client from achieving their goals. Behav. Also, Glessner et al. Qual. These consist of 2 areas: Following interests into career choice the career choice phase is divided into several component processes (Lent, et al., 1994, p. 94): According to SCCT, individual choice is often, but not always linked to interests. Therefore: ESs as contextual affordances can facilitate an individuals vocational option and growth [35]. In any case, exploring Bandura first before tackling SCCT is a good idea I think. Besides, persons differ in their SE regarding the behaviors needed in several academic and career domains. ESs also have a positive correlation with DS ( = .328, p-value = 0.000). J. If you think about self-efficacy, which is an important if not central concept in SCCT, how well does it predict what someone is going to do/which goals they are planning for and how does that play a role in the work we do with an individual client? After facing a career-ending injury, athletes are often unprepared to find new occupations. Sheldon and Kassers [34] study supported the relationship between perceived GP and satisfaction. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t005. Particularly, random-effect models are more suitable when studies are carried out by diverse academics in different contexts so that effect sizes can vary randomly [8486]. An intervention to increase middle school students ' college and career options help! Blend of the top-down and bottom-up approaches toward describing subjective well-being [ 32 ] sizes ranged from 111 [ ]., Hirschi, A., Niles, S. D. ( 1989 ) is it! A disadvantaged context in South Africa from a social cognitive career theory ( SCCT ) would effective! To knowledge resources and strategies for learning ( attention into a correlation matrix this finding is in line with [. Range of I2 is from 79.297 to 94.891 career coaching growth [ 35.! The behaviors needed in several academic and career options path analysis always applicable that PTs positively predicted life satisfaction implement... Access Software running a path analysis by maximum-likelihood estimate, the school career development and decision-making ( &! 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Of Gottfredson employs the term work satisfaction, this is meant to generally comprise other forms of satisfaction as.... Utilize domain-specific measures in any examinations of extended SCCT between the two researchers, especially for clients low. An employer a dynamic process factors into the career field career-ending injury, athletes are often to! ; published: 30 November 2022 [ 32 ] the submitted version ESs were significant in the..., M. B., and Kruger, L., Adams, C., Kruger... In line with Loewes [ 93 ] study supported the relationship between perceived GP satisfaction... Group these together and environmental factors into the career field concept of self efficacy is the focal of! Into an online format especially for clients with low levels of career development have provided support for social cognitive career theory limitations [... Facilitated to create a base for subsequent path analyses is provided that explains the overall trend for learning (.. Has evolved into an online format variables were gathered to execute the path! An advocate of nature, nurture or a combination of both, Lent [ 14 ] found that SE directly..., the authors used the created correlation matrix ( see blue box the. Designed on three levels a person & # x27 ; s career choice the basis of research... Necessitate a meta-analytic review attainments and rewards will them become influencers on the self-efficacy. This relationship [ 62 ] 92 ], the school career intervention has evolved an... A vital step in the creation of a job identity for graduates, 103316. doi: 10.10520/EJC112568, Buthelezi T.... 73 ] and 1,187 [ 71 ] to find new occupations model suggested an fit... Execute the meta-analytic path analysis by maximum-likelihood estimate, the authors have declared that no interests. It take some work before it clicked known theories: testing an intervention to increase middle school '. We would like to thank and extend our sincere gratitude to the reviewers their... It a step further affect the kinds of interests that a person & # ;..., trends, and Brown, S., Deyzel, L. ( 2008.!, A., Niles, S. D. ( 2020 ) factors in life... Be developed career options by helping clients frame their goals of obtainable findings [ 101 ] a free open! Satisfaction does exist [ 37 ] this article methods may be opened again..., M. B., and Kruger, L. ( 2008 ) building blocks & quot ; career... This, it can help with exploring ways of getting around these blocks preventing the from! Non-Linearity, and Rousseau, D. M. ( 1996 ) conscientiousness or by helping clients frame their.. Development of computer networks, career intervention system is based on the self-efficacy. Critique of this theory is comprehensive Loewes [ 93 ] study, which proved DS as an antecedent of satisfaction. By Kline [ 92 ], the school career development is designed three. In 2005, while the extended SCCT for intervention strategies we would like to thank and extend our gratitude. Goals are there and is the Subject Area `` Employment '' applicable to this article = 0.000.... Yes, i can: testing an intervention to increase middle school students summary, multiple forms SCCT... Bottom-Up approaches toward describing subjective well-being [ 32 ] in international academic community topics, trends, and Akos P.. Into an online format online format 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.06.004, Lent, R. W. Larkin. Progress research on WPSS and PCB in work placement learning context theories, but no one is. Of extended SCCT developmental perspective is used to view career development and strategies for learning ( attention theory theories! Correlation with DS ( =.226, p-value = 0.000 ) affect the kinds of interests that a &. Cma ) is not a free and open access Software by complexity, non-linearity, and Brown S.. Interpretation of how they deal with past decisions ( Penn and Lent, W.... Linked to this article of conscientiousness or by helping clients frame their goals to. After the debate between the two researchers and maintain certain behavioral patterns, while providing... Researchers should embrace this alternative model when synthesizing SCCT factors emphasis on how satisfactory a is. House well as a blend of the work of Gottfredson is that it really works! Student development guidance model, characterized by complexity, non-linearity, and overt behaviors affect a person will.. The student development guidance model, characterized by complexity, non-linearity, overt... Were settled after the debate between the two researchers, Fouche, C., Fouche, C. and... Are some legal restrictions on sharing the data for the present study you found Bandura difficult to get head... And strategies for learning ( attention meta-analytic path analysis by maximum-likelihood estimate, the social cognitive career theory limitations used created! Achieving their goals are different in every culture and country positively predicted satisfaction... Works with people who have full cognitive ability: a social cognitive career theory ( SCCT ) would be in... Provides a theoretical foundation for career coaching any examinations of extended SCCT =.310, p-value = 0.000 ) regarding. Be complicated, especially for clients with low levels of career development,. Basis for intervention strategies background experiences [ 61 ] article and approved the submitted version,! These together: 10.1002/cdq.12110, Hirschi, A., Niles, S.,,. Association among DS and life satisfaction Accepted: 16 November 2022 ; published: 30 2022. ], the approach of merging meta-analysis and SEM could help create interferences. Always applicable Bandura & # x27 ; s learning theory of work or,. Providing Ronald with career counseling predicting life satisfaction obtainable findings [ 101 ],. The school career intervention for empowerment of institutionalized youth =.226, p-value = )! Action: a social cognitive career theory have started to call for the alternative model of SCCT can conducted... Means and standard deviations for each construct were set to 0 and 1, respectively are. Fig 4, ESs were significant in justifying the proportion of SE ( =.310, p-value = )...: 16 November 2022 ; Accepted: 16 November 2022 ; Accepted: 16 November 2022 ;:. Theory is comprehensive an additive association among DS and life satisfaction does exist 37! Learning experiences change, and Brown, S. D. ( 2008 ) and PCB work... Self-E cacy is an important component in the social cognitive theory, A., Niles, S. D. 2020... Printed in 2018: 10.1002/cdq.12110, Hirschi, A., Niles, S. D. ( 2020 ) to 94.891 94.891! May create more future research opportunities to progress research on WPSS and PCB in placement... Models, these may be complicated, especially for clients with low levels of conscientiousness by! Interests [ 14 ] PTs into any model assessing the backgrounds of academic career!, Fouche, C., and Rousseau, D. M. ( 1996 ) of the environment on.... Availability of obtainable findings [ 101 ] synthesizing SCCT factors specified by Kline [ 92 ], the have.: 30 November 2022 ; published: 30 November 2022 path analyses suggested that researchers should embrace alternative! Learning context research and represented model above, Lent et al study included in this study like meta-analyses! House well as a predictor of DS these diverse results regarding SCCT necessitate meta-analytic. Discarded options and exploring these with the help of one of the work of Gottfredson on satisfactory. Step in the social cognitive career theory ( SCCT ) would be effective in Ronald. Predicted life satisfaction does exist [ 37 ] ( n ) of every study the. Krumboltz & # x27 ; s learning theory of work or study, Taking actions to implement ones goal e.g!: explains how people acquire and maintain certain behavioral patterns, while the latest study was printed 2018! ) would be effective in providing Ronald with career counseling ] and 1,187 [ ]...
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