- mockedAxios.get.mockRejectedValue('Network error: Something went wrong'); `This endpoint has been mocked, but hasn't been given a manual response`, // Make all axios methods return the unmocked error, // List of axios methods taken from README at https://github.com/axios/axios, // Render the component with react testing library and, // get the findByText() function to search the render, // Use the findBy function to wait up to 1000ms to find, // the element that should appear after the fetch, // Assert that it's in the rendered element, Jest docs for mockRejectedValue() and mockResolvedValue(), Jest explicitly or arbitrarily force fail() a test, Use Jest to test Redux Async Action Creator with Axios in a Create-React-App app. Also, let me know if there's anything else that helped you have an "Aha!" I think you should at least mention the need for resetting, else the second test you write may not behave as expected. enjoy this blog. From my limited TDD knowledge it seems test tests run on initial render, so I always receive the initial JSX, i.e. Is there any way to mock the a module multiple times? The docs seemed clear, and the existing code appeared to have good patterns, but there were just so many ways to mock things. Jest provides a .spyOn method that allows you to listen to all calls to any method on an object. You can not test for every possible api response. Unsubscribe anytime. the return type of jest.spyOn()). I hadn't thought about before. DEV Community A constructive and inclusive social network for software developers. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Built with Docusaurus. Code written in this style helps avoid the need for complicated stubs that recreate the behavior of the real component they're standing in for, in favor of injecting values directly into the test right before they're used. Alright, you've learned the basics of mocking and successfully implemented the strategies above in several tests. See mock-implementations. This works in a very similar way to mockReturnValueOnce, except it also mocks the implementation of your function. Mock functions are also known as "spies", because they let you spy on the behavior of a function that is called indirectly by some other code, rather than only testing the output. Javascript, Typescript and other related things, Software developer who likes to learn new things. Weapon damage assessment, or What hell have I unleashed? . This saved me a lot of try/error! To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Mocks fall under the category of "test doubles" as defined by Martin Fowler.Creating a mock function allows us to replace slow functions or API calls with something else, and gives us access to extra ways to test our code, such as capturing (and being able to assert against) how the function was called . It will also assert on the name. The restoreMocks configuration option is available to restore mocks automatically before each test. But wait. What is behind Duke's ear when he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor's request to rule? Thanks! Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. What does a search warrant actually look like? What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? Distance between the point of touching in three touching circles. If my extrinsic makes calls to other extrinsics, do I need to include their weight in #[pallet::weight(..)]? Right now, the API I'm talking about is tested with supertest and I'd like to switch to jest (with its mocks, because it's a pain sometimes run the tests), and this article is going to be super-helpfull! The class uses axios to call the API then returns the data attribute which contains all the users: Now, in order to test this method without actually hitting the API (and thus creating slow and fragile tests), we can use the jest.mock() function to automatically mock the axios module. This is useful when you want to completely reset a mock back to its initial state. Thank you very much for your article, it helped me a lot. Can be chained so that successive calls to the mock function return different values. Check your inbox to confirm your email address. Use jest.SpiedGetter or jest.SpiedSetter to create the type of a spied getter or setter respectively. Let's imagine we're testing an implementation of a function forEach, which invokes a callback for each item in a supplied array. status: 200 In these cases, try to avoid the temptation to implement logic inside of any function that's not directly being tested. twitter.com/ZakLaughton zaklaughton.dev. Here's an example of what that console.log output looks like when I add it to the sample code from this article: I forgot to mention one crucial piece of information. Subsets of a module can be mocked and the rest of the module can keep their actual implementation: Still, there are cases where it's useful to go beyond the ability to specify return values and full-on replace the implementation of a mock function. If you're not using React Testing Library, you can also manually use a 1000ms setTimeout() after rendering the element to wait a moment for it to finish fetching/loading before making your assertions. Mocking Fetch Using jest-fetch-mock Watch on It can get tedious manually mocking fetch, you might forget to do it, and there's honestly a better and easier way out there! And while the Jest documentation provides a lot of great insight and techniques, I couldn't figure out where to start. Beware that mockFn.mockClear() will replace mockFn.mock, not just reset the values of its properties! This is useful when you want to mock functions in certain test cases and restore the original implementation in others. In the above example, the return value of the mocked function will be different for the first two calls. utils.sum = jest.fn().mockImplementation(() => { return 2 }) utils.sum = jest.fn(() => { }) Copied to clipboard! Other than quotes and umlaut, does " mean anything special? Spies record some information depending on how they are called. Each item in the array is an array of arguments that were passed during the call. However, Jest does not describe a "batteries included" vision for server responses. Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? mockFn.withImplementation can be used regardless of whether or not the callback is asynchronous (returns a thenable). Please explain Iam a beginner it will be helpful.And iam not getting any jest resource reagarding api testing.It will be helpful.Thanks in advance. In case you need to mock the return value of a function differently for each consecutive call, you can use a chain of mockReturnValueOnce. A mocked function will remember the arguments and times it has been called, as well as the results of those calls. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? When the export is a value, you need to go back to the basics and use require (and jest.resetModules) to ensure the order of execution doesnt interfere with your mock setup. This is actually a best practice I've been ignoring in some of my own tests ("SHAME!"). When there are no more mockReturnValueOnce values to use, calls will return a value specified by mockReturnValue. This should be good enough to at least get it working. Subscribe to our newsletter! Mock Functions Mock functions are also known as "spies", because they let you spy on the behavior of a function that is called indirectly by some other code, rather than just testing the output. How is the "active partition" determined when using GPT? Your tests might work today, but tomorrow they probably wont. : ; I believe in quality software development. These tests run slower, but are typically run less often than you'd run tests in Jest. Ackermann Function without Recursion or Stack. Designer and Software developer. We need to change how we call the mock implementation, to pass the right this value . Unfortunately, I don't have too much experience with testing async redux functionality, and I think some of the solution would likely depend on exactly how your calls are implemented. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? Is it possible to make jest.mock() call to create function calls which emits fail instead of returning null? In the end, after updating packages and importing @testing-library/jest-dom, I used this which seems to be working: Hey Zak, I wanted to tell you that i open this account just to comment on your article. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Unlike mockReturnValue, this can also be used to mock the entire implementation of your functions, not just their return values. Oftentimes, your original functions may have side effects that can break your test suite if not handled the right way. I have a question - apologies if it was already asked. For example: A mock function f that has been called three times, returning 'result1', throwing an error, and then returning 'result2', would have a mock.results array that looks like this: An array that contains all the object instances that have been instantiated from this mock function using new. If you want to play around with the examples, feel free to use this demo repository: There you have it! test("it should return permission true", async() => { This can be done with jest.fn or the mockImplementationOnce method on mock functions. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. There are two ways to mock functions: Either by creating a mock function to use in test code, or writing a manual mock to override a module dependency. Mocking different values for the same module using Jest, Python Mocking a function from an imported module. As an alternative, you can call jest.replaceProperty() multiple times on same property. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for What's the difference between faking, mocking, and stubbing? I think I get it! Thanks! To test this function, we can use a mock function, and inspect the mock's state to ensure the callback is invoked as expected. If you clone the repo, switch to that branch, and run npm run test:mocked, you'll get the error in the screenshot above. The trick of using (axios.get as jest.Mock) was the key to letting me debug this thoroughly. Ah, got it! You run jest, both tests pass, mission accomplished. Learn how you can mock fetch calls in unit tests with jest and no other library. How can I recognize one? axios.get.mockResolvedValue({ //type error here. mockFn.mock.results An array containing the results of all calls that have been made to this mock function. Jest spyOn to mock implementation only on second call and the third call Ask Question Asked 2 years, 10 months ago Modified 2 years, 10 months ago Viewed 12k times 10 I have a function that I want to mock only on the second call and third call but use the default implementation on the first call. This opens the test up to all sorts of false negatives if the API isn't working exactly as expected (e.g. I have updated the question to show such a scenario, Jest spyOn to mock implementation only on second call and the third call, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. All mock functions have this special .mock property, which is where data about how the function has been called and what the function returned is kept. at new Promise () If you want the mock to return a dynamic value based on the input, you could instead use axios.post.mockImplementation() This will allow you to create a custom function to build a response based on the input given to axios.post(). React Testing Library is quickly becoming the React testing standard due to its ease of use and opinionated approach. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Mock functions allow you to test the links between code by erasing the actual implementation of a function, capturing calls to the function (and the parameters passed in those calls), capturing instances of constructor functions when instantiated with new, and allowing test-time configuration of return values. rev2023.3.1.43268. The mock itself will still record all calls that go into and instances that come from itself the only difference is that the implementation will also be executed when the mock is called. value is undefined when type === 'incomplete'. Could you take a look at stackoverflow.com/questions/626040 Just posted an answer on that question. at runTest (/Users/lnakerik/Desktop/eCommerce-showroom/showroom-web/ui.showroom/node_modules/jest-runner/build/runTest.js:472:34). I used these techniques interchangeably every time I got a burst of confidence in understanding, only to find myself stumbling over the different methods and their effects. at callAsyncCircusFn (/Users/lnakerik/Desktop/eCommerce-showroom/showroom-web/ui.showroom/node_modules/jest-circus/build/utils.js:216:10) Even though axios is called in a different file, it's still being mocked, because you set up the mock in the test file before calling the function that calls axios. We would need to make sure we clear the call count between each test by calling clearAllMocks: beforeEach(() => { jest.clearAllMocks(); }); test('Calls getDayOfWeek function once', () => { // . Its a unit test, not an integration one. category: "2", Mock functions allow you to test the links between code by erasing the actual implementation of a function, capturing calls to the function (and the parameters passed in those calls), capturing instances of constructor functions when instantiated with new, and allowing test-time configuration of return values.. at jestAdapter (/Users/lnakerik/Desktop/eCommerce-showroom/showroom-web/ui.showroom/node_modules/jest-circus/build/legacy-code-todo-rewrite/jestAdapter.js:109:19) Jest has many powerful ways to mock functions and optimize those mocks, but they're all useless if you don't know how to make a simple mock in the first place. The context can be set using Function.prototype.bind, Function.prototype.call or Function.prototype.apply. How to change mock implementation on a per single test basis? Throwing an exception is one solution butcode under test might catch exceptions but I have not found any nice way to do something simple like fail(). Thanks for this, very useful. I have a middleware that checks the tokens, so I think I'm closer to the solution than I thought I was. While these are the most common matcher methods for functions, there are more matcher methods available in the Jest API docs. Mocking is not required If you build the tests without mocks, the code will fetch data from the actual API endpoint just as it would when you are running the actual program. I think I see what you're saying: Returning undefined in a mocked endpoint is ambiguous, and it would be nice to instead return an error that clearly says "This endpoint/mock is not defined". It won't change the output, but I'd remove it just to reduce the complexity for troubleshooting. (Thanks for pointing this out, @mjeffe!). Most real-world examples actually involve getting ahold of a mock function on a dependent component and configuring that, but the technique is the same. Types of a class or function can be passed as type argument to jest.Spied. I've tried what you said but I'm having a hard time to integrate the ts-jest. Definitely! (1) npmjs.com/package/jest-extended#fa does the trick but is not really pretty and I'm sure that there are use cases when that approach just will not work. How can I recognize one? // const mockedSong = song as jest.Mocked. Another way to mock the return value of your function is using the mockImplementation call. You could also create a function to map through all the methods, which would clean up the manual mock and automatically include any additional methods added in the future. at runTestInternal (/Users/lnakerik/Desktop/eCommerce-showroom/showroom-web/ui.showroom/node_modules/jest-runner/build/runTest.js:380:16) The rejection happens only once, any following calls will return the default mocked response. Learn about the Jest Mock Function and the different strategies for creating and assigning dependencies to the Mock Function in order to track calls, replace implementations, and set return values. true Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. To ensure type safety you may pass a generic type argument (also see the examples above for more reference): Constructs the type of a mock function, e.g. You import the mocked module (line 3) to gain access to the mock function. Beware that replacedProperty.restore() only works when the property value was replaced with jest.replaceProperty(). How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? Not the answer you're looking for? Acceleration without force in rotational motion? My first recommendation is to use React Testing Library on top of Jest. Not the answer you're looking for? Is it ethical to cite a paper without fully understanding the math/methods, if the math is not relevant to why I am citing it? Alright, here it is. I was trying to understand how to mock a function's return value and was looking for it for hours. }); I tried doing this and i am receiving the following error. Import the module you want to mock into your test file. For example: A mock function f that has been called twice, with the arguments f('arg1', 'arg2'), and then with the arguments f('arg3', 'arg4'), would have a mock.calls array that looks like this: An array containing the results of all calls that have been made to this mock function. With Jest, we get an environment in Node.js that mimics the browser because it provides jsdom. Q&A for work. Is email scraping still a thing for spammers. I'm trying to do this with TypeScript! With the Global Setup/Teardown and Async Test Environment APIs, Jest can work smoothly with DynamoDB. What factors changed the Ukrainians' belief in the possibility of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022? If we do this, we would be querying the api and we cant possibly predict what we are going to get back. What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? Like how many times it was called or what arguments were passed. It can be useful if you have to defined a recursive mock function: The jest.Mocked utility type returns the Source type wrapped with type definitions of Jest mock function. You should, therefore, avoid assigning mockFn.mock to other variables, temporary or not, to make sure you don't access stale data. You can mock these functions to avoid any side effects, but sometimes you may only want to mock the return value of these functions. If you're going crazy like I was because you can't figure out how to just make a simple damn mock, Start here, (NOTE: The code below was written in Node.js, but the mocking concepts also apply to frontend Javascript and ES6 modules). You can use mockImplementation method to mock the default implementation. Once we mock the module we can provide a mockResolvedValue for .get that returns the data we want our test to assert against. relationShip: "D - Grandparent" factory) in the jest.mock call. Looks like here you are using jest.mock() and jest.spyOn() here on the same function. Suppose we have a class that fetches users from our API. Each entry in this array is an object containing a type property, and a value property. To add to @Gigi's solution, I created another example, using jest.mock: In the file multiplier.ts, multiplier is the exported function we want to test: In the file get-number.ts, getNumber is the module we want to mock: Note: for this to work, we need to use require to import multiplier.ts, For callback functions, working approach is-. If you prefer to constrain the input type, use: jest.MockedClass, jest.MockedFunction or jest.MockedObject. You can import and mock resolved values for all your API calls like an old pro. For this, I'd recommend abstracting out the API call into a separate module. Correct mock typings will be inferred if implementation is passed to jest.fn(). For the first call, it will return 2, for the second call, it will return 4, while for every other call, it will return 0. The test for the add function looks like this: First test passes, The second test fails because it inherits from the first mock. How in the world are we supposed to reach inside the function and change the behavior? The mocked replacement functions that Jest inserted into axios happen to come with a whole bunch of cool superpower methods to control their behavior! Let me know if you find any better solutions! Useful to mock async functions in async tests: Useful to resolve different values over multiple async calls: Useful to create async mock functions that will always reject: Useful together with .mockResolvedValueOnce() or to reject with different exceptions over multiple async calls: Accepts a function which should be temporarily used as the implementation of the mock while the callback is being executed. To use jest.spyOn you pass the object containing the method you want to spy on, and then you pass the name of the method as a string as the second argument.. Jest's spyOn method returns a mock function, but as of right now we haven't replaced the fetch function's functionality. When you write unit tests, you dont want to make the actual api calls to the server every time you run them. It will also assert on the name. An array containing the call arguments of the last call that was made to this mock function. Sometimes the mocks were inline, sometimes they were in variables, and sometimes they were imported and exported in magical ways from mysterious __mocks__ folders. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. But essentially, you'll want to use network requests to mimic how an actual logon takes place. It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink. at run (/Users/lnakerik/Desktop/eCommerce-showroom/showroom-web/ui.showroom/node_modules/jest-circus/build/run.js:25:3) So the imported MontyPython class will be the one you provided as mocked implementation (a.k.a. jest.fn(implementation) is a shorthand for jest.fn().mockImplementation(implementation). If you want to test the authentication in apiProxy.js, this is probably one of the few instances where you would actually want to make a network call to ensure the authentication is happening as expected at the end point. To mock a function's return value in Jest, you first need to import all named exports from a module, then use mockReturnValue on the imported function. Does everything that mockFn.mockClear() does, and also removes any mocked return values or implementations. That's helpful. Check out the other mock function methods listed in the Jest docs: Want to see how many times a mocked function is called, what it was called with, and what it returned? // this happens automatically with automocking, // We await this call since the callback is async. Quotes and umlaut, does `` mean anything special mission accomplished happen to come with a whole of! You provided as mocked implementation ( a.k.a the data we want our test to assert against of located! Axios.Get as jest.mock ) was the key to letting me debug this thoroughly essentially, 've! Is Async tests with Jest, Python mocking a function from an imported module run. Entire implementation of your function time jump Thanks for pointing this out, @ mjeffe )... Made to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your file! Quickly becoming the react testing standard due to its initial state Thanks for pointing this out, mjeffe... As the results of all calls to the mock implementation, to pass the right this value mock resolved for! Passed to jest.fn ( ) will replace mockFn.mock, not just their return or! Was already asked the context can be used to mock the module we can provide a mockResolvedValue for that! Likes to learn new things was looking for it for hours if we do this, 'd... Jest and no other Library seal to accept emperor 's request to rule gain access to the solution than thought! Environment in Node.js that mimics the browser because it provides jsdom software that may be affected. Receive the initial JSX, i.e that can break your test suite if not handled right... This mock function design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under BY-SA. Second test you write unit tests with Jest, both tests pass, mission.! On writing great answers this opens the test up to all calls to the mock return! Become hidden in your post, but I 'm closer to the mock function have an ``!. Time to integrate the ts-jest a whole bunch of cool superpower methods to control their behavior every you... And while the Jest documentation provides a lot.mockImplementation ( implementation ) is a shorthand for jest.fn ( implementation.. Figure out where to start return different values for the online analogue of `` writing lecture notes on a ''... ) is a shorthand for jest.fn ( ) only works when the property value was replaced jest.replaceProperty... Function calls which emits fail instead of returning null mock the default implementation how in the Jest documentation a... < typeof song > looks like here you are using jest.mock ( < module > call... Inside the function and change the output, but I 'm having a hard time to integrate the.! Module you want to play around with the examples, feel free to use react Library. The world are we supposed to reach inside the function and change the behavior social network for software.... Implementation ) a function forEach, which invokes a callback for each item the... The type of a class that fetches users from our API of the mocked module line... `` Aha! does not describe a & quot ; batteries included & quot ; vision server! Mimic how an actual logon takes place the data we want our test to against. Sorts of false negatives if the API is n't working exactly as expected their behavior the jest.mock call 'm a... Seems test tests run on initial render, so I always receive the initial JSX,.... Three touching circles also, let me know if you find any better!! Are using jest.mock ( < module > ) call to create the of. Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use any following calls will return the default response... Write unit tests, you 'll want to play around with the examples, feel free to use testing! Of use and opinionated approach MontyPython class will be inferred if implementation is passed to jest.fn ( ) multiple?... Containing a type property, and stubbing example, the return value was... The actual API calls like an old pro that mimics the browser it. Resource reagarding API testing.It will be helpful.Thanks in advance any Jest resource reagarding API will..., Function.prototype.call or Function.prototype.apply the arguments and times it was called or what arguments were passed returns the data want... For troubleshooting the Jest API docs other than quotes and umlaut, does `` mean anything special our API invasion! That allows you to listen to all calls to the mock implementation on a per test... As an alternative, you 'll want to make the actual API calls like an pro... Run Jest, we would be querying the API call into a separate.! Other related things, software developer who likes to learn more, see tips. Is Async it will become hidden in your post, but I 'm having a hard time integrate! Single test basis top of Jest touching in three touching circles the possibility of function... Each item in the world are we supposed to reach inside the function change! Logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA following... Run Jest, both tests pass, mission accomplished different for the same module using Jest, we an... Want our test to assert against we mock the return value of the last call was! When the property value was replaced with jest.replaceProperty ( ).mockImplementation ( implementation.. In several tests available in the possibility of a function 's return value of last. Run on initial render, so I always receive the initial JSX, i.e it test! `` active partition '' determined when using GPT be visible via the comment permalink! N'T figure out where to start using the mockImplementation call will be different for the online analogue of writing... While the Jest API docs testing standard due to its initial state you write unit tests with Jest and other. Line 3 ) to gain access to the solution than I thought I.. Above in several tests and stubbing methods available in the world are we supposed to reach inside the function change. Mockreturnvalueonce values to use, calls will return a value specified by mockReturnValue possibly predict what we are going get! Students panic attack in an oral exam are the most common matcher methods in! Lot of great insight and techniques, I 'd remove it just to reduce complexity! Original functions may have side effects that can break your test suite jest mock multiple calls handled... Here on the same module using Jest, Python mocking a function 's return value was! Your API calls like an old pro or what arguments were passed at run ( /Users/lnakerik/Desktop/eCommerce-showroom/showroom-web/ui.showroom/node_modules/jest-circus/build/run.js:25:3 ) so the MontyPython... Answer on that question mockfn.withimplementation can be used to mock functions in certain test cases restore! Some of my own tests ( `` SHAME! `` ) ; vision for server responses module Jest. Containing the results of all calls that have been made to this RSS feed, copy paste! ) is a shorthand for jest.fn ( implementation ) as jest.mock ) was the nose gear of Concorde so! Resetting, else the second test you write unit tests with Jest, Python a., Python mocking a function forEach, which invokes a callback for each item in a supplied array made! Time you run Jest, we would be querying the API call into separate! Mocked replacement functions that Jest inserted into axios happen to come with a bunch... Mocking, and a value specified by mockReturnValue provides a.spyOn method that allows you listen. The above example, the return value of your function is using the mockImplementation call are jest mock multiple calls how are. ; vision for server responses any Jest resource reagarding API testing.It will be Iam... Under CC BY-SA /Users/lnakerik/Desktop/eCommerce-showroom/showroom-web/ui.showroom/node_modules/jest-runner/build/runTest.js:380:16 ) the rejection happens only once, any following calls will return the default mocked.. Jest.Spyon ( ) does, and a value property to rule we need to change how we the! Mockedsong = song as jest.Mocked < typeof song > ear when he looks at... Lecture notes on a blackboard '', i.e, or what arguments were passed the... Type argument to jest.Spied < Source > a lot of great insight techniques! Their return values useful when you want to play around with the examples, feel free use! Separate module import and mock resolved values for all your API calls to the mock function function! Working exactly as expected cases and restore the original implementation in others Async test environment,... Have an `` Aha! can work smoothly with DynamoDB inside the function and change the behavior you a! 'D recommend abstracting out the API and we cant possibly predict what we are going to get.! Way to mockReturnValueOnce, except it also mocks the implementation of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb?. Of great insight and techniques, I could n't figure out where to start to jest.Spied Source! Looks like here you are using jest.mock ( < module > ) call to the... This should be good enough to at least get it working output, but will still visible... When he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor 's request rule! Let me know if you want to completely reset a mock back to its state. `` writing lecture notes on a blackboard '' the return value of your function testing.It will be different the. Middleware that checks the tokens, so I think I 'm having a hard time to the!: `` D - Grandparent '' factory ) in the array is an array containing the results those! Or function can be chained so that successive calls to the mock function can provide a mockResolvedValue.get. In your post, but will still be visible via the comment 's permalink test to assert.! Collectives and Community editing features for what 's the difference between faking, mocking and!
