MeSH and transmitted securely. Early Strength is low; therefore, it cannot be used in Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) works. As it is known, converter slags are an extremely complex mix of oxides that determine the slag physical properties such as viscosity, density, surface tension, and others. This also requires the addition of increased levels of lime and dolime (flux) for the removal of impurities from the steel and increased slag formation. Blast furnace slag is furthermore classified into granulated blast furnace slag and air-cooled blast furnace slag. Figure 6 shows the average critical temperatures: softening temperature (Ts), hemisphere temperature (Th), and fluidity temperature (Tf) of the samples. Ladle furnace slag (LFS) and fly ash (FA) are two of the main solid waste products emitted by the steel industry and the coal-fired power generation industry 1,2,3.About 20-25 billion tons of . The weight average molecular weight of a HA when slag was added initially (29 kDa) was significantly higher than when slag was added after elevating the temperature of the compost pile (17-18 kDa). Epub 2011 Nov 16. However, the pH of leachate from steel slag can exceed 11, a level that can be corrosive to aluminum or galvanized steel pipes placed in direct contact with the slag. Slag viscosity and surface tension were determined by theoretical models in order to establish the foaming index applying Eq. Arcelormittal, TATA Steel, EZZ steel etc. Application of blast furnace slag in civil engineering. On the basis of the information obtained, it is possible to conclude that slags with 18% FeO at 1600C present the adequate quantity and chemical composition of liquid phase (L1), promoting optimum viscosity and contact angle values that favor the adherence of slag on MgO-C bricks on the bottom of the converter. Ladle slags present similar melting behavior respect synthetic flux (Ts1334C, Tf1346C) and also have a good inclusion absorptivity. By Anglica Cristina Fernandes Deus, Rosemary Marques By Hu Long, Dong Liu, Lie-Jun Li, Ming-Hua Bai, Yanzh IntechOpen Limited Slag as a mixture of oxide has specific properties of melting behavior, viscosity, and surface tension, among others [2]. The growth of the arc furnace-based steel industry has been encouraged by modern arc furnaces of large capacity and ultra-high power, electrical efficiency improvement, and metallurgical efficiency through oxygen lancing or the co-jet technology. 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SEWashington, DC 20590 Limit the search results modified within the specified time. 5 Princes Gate Court, In Figure 2, it is possible to evaluate the impact of slag FeO content on the viscosity evolution. Professional engineers provide solutions and technical drawings. The Urbain model [5] and Zaharia, Sahajwalla and Khanna model [17] were used to determine viscosity and surface tension, respectively. The high iron oxide content of the aggregate results in an aggregate that is very hard and very dense (SSA is 20-30% heavier than naturally occurring aggregates such as basalt and granite). High viscosity is perhaps the most obvious factor in the stabilization of BOF-converter foams, and it retards the rate of drainage in the films of the bubbles. The water was added to the compound and stirred with a glass-stirring rod until dissolved. used. The Urbain model [5] classified the oxides into three groups: Modifiers: XM=XCaO+XMgO+XNa2O+XK2O+3XCaF2+XFeO+XMnO+2XTiO2+2XZrO2. Poor steel slag stability, Process characteristics and process: Pour the hot molten slag into the slag pot and transport it to the side of the slag tray. An increase in silica concentration promotes lower surface tension of slag and leads to smaller CO gas bubbles and their easier escape from the slag. 38800 Country Club Dr. However, there are some disadvantages such as high shrinkage, formation of micro-cracks and rapid setting. Maintenance cost of a steel structure is very high. Different types of carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples (Figure 7). Steel Slag Aggregates Use in Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete. Disadvantages of Structural Steel Structures. Page Owner: Office of Research, Development, and Technology, Office of Safety, RDT, TRT Terms: Waste products as road materials--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Pavements, Asphalt concrete--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Pavements, Concrete--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Pavements--Additives--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Fills (Earthwork)--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Roads--Base courses--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Wastes, Environmental impacts, Recycling, Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations, Sodium Sulfate Soundness Loss (ASTM C88), %, Hardness (measured by Moh's scale of mineral hardness)*, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), % top size 19 mm (3/4 inch)**. Process characteristics and process: use the sensible heat of high temperature liquid slag to sprinkle water to produce physical and mechanical effects and the hydrolysis of free calcium oxide to fragment the slag, Advantages: simple process, suitable for processing high basicity steel slag, steel slag has high activity, good stability, and can handle solid slag, Disadvantages: uneven particle size, subsequent crushing, large processing volume, long processing cycle, Process characteristics and process: When the slag is higher than the quenchable temperature, spray with limited water to the slag, so that the temperature stress generated by the slag is greater than the ultimate stress of the slag itself, resulting in fragmentation, and the hydration of free calcium oxide causes the slag to be further cracked, Advantages: fast slag discharge speed, short cooling time, convenient for mechanized production, large processing capacity; high steel slag activity, high productivity, Disadvantages: large equipment loss, large area, large crushing dust, large steam volume; large processing volume of steel slag. This information represents a good starting point to optimize the BOF foaming industrial practice. and a binary index (BI) 2.88, present the highest viscosities. Metallurgical cokes affect foaming because of the ash content. "Slag Utilization in Pavement Construction," Extending Aggregate Resources. Therefore, accurate viscosity values are essential for the optimization and improvement of metallurgical processes. Pit slag and clean out slag are other types of slag commonly found in steel-making operations. These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low-molecular-weight compounds after the pile temperature is elevated and the presence of slag enhances the polycondensation of these compounds to produce HAs with a higher degree of humification. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal JEGEL. To improve the performance of these industrial practices and their applications, it is necessary to deeply understand the fundamental phenomena so as to determine slags characteristics and physical properties required at process conditions. The iron and steel slag used as aggregates for asphalt roads are iron and steel by-products. Both properties, high viscosity and surface tension, are determined by the chemical composition and the evolution of the slag at process conditions. Finally, the corrosion of the steel rebars in the reinforced EAF slag concrete, after a year in the tidal seawater environment, showed greater susceptibility to corrosion than in the limestone reference concrete. High Maintenance Costs And More Corrosion Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and water and must therefore be periodically painted. Due to the white color of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement. Dubai World Trade Center Complex Please provide design data for special processing requirements. In addition, the assumptions of a sulphur-oxygen equilibrium between steel and slag and the dilute solution model for the liquid steel phase were utilized in the calculations. Steel slag aggregate (SSA) is a byproduct of the production of steel in an electric arc furnace. The model estimates the viscosity of liquid silicates and alumino-silicates in function of chemical composition and describes temperature dependence of viscosity through the Weymann expression, Eq. Free calcium and magnesium oxides are not completely consumed in the steel slag, and there is general agreement in the technical literature that the hydration of unslaked lime and magnesia in contact with moisture is largely responsible for the expansive nature of most steel slags. In this study, Eq. Nevertheless, material C3 contains very low percentage of ash because it is a petroleum coke. wood which could have been used but it is longer lasting and is one of the strongest construction materials. After that, the Erlenmeyer flask was filled with 100 mL of distilled water. Different steel plants, depending on their lay out, process conditions, and operation, have developed and implemented various techniques for protecting MgO-C refractory lining: brick patching, gunning, manual splashing, chemical splashing, slag coating, slag foaming, and slag splashing [1, 4]. Environ Int. There are irregular, spherical, and elongated pores of different sizes and proportion in the particles observed. however, ssa has little effect on top-down fatigue and moisture susceptibility of the sample mixes. Typical physical properties of steel slag. Books > This is another alternative to avoid the risk of slopping. Greater persistence and reduced penetrance due to fineness. 202-366-4000, Federal Highway Administration Research and TechnologyCoordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations. Table 18-2. To avoid volumetric instability of the cement material, MgO content is determined. It was observed that when the bubbles present a DB=0.005mm (small size), MnO content (for MnO<8%) results in random foaming index values compared to the effect of FeO content. Would you like email updates of new search results? The reaction between FeO present in the slag and carbon is strongly endothermic. A slag sample with FeO18, MgO11, CaO43, Al2O31.6, and SiO217%wt. Droussi Z, D'Orazio V, Hafidi M, Ouatmane A. J Hazard Mater. This type of slag has good physical properties, high inclusion absorptivity, and high sulfide capacity. Slag with low FeO and high MgO is desirable. The copper complexation ability of a synthetic humic-like acid formed by an abiotic humification process and the effect of experimental factors on its copper complexation ability. The study confirms the viability of producing steel-reinforced concrete with slag aggregate (Arribas, Vegas, San-Jose, & Manso, 2014 ). Tufalike precipitates, resulting from the exposure of steel slag aggregates to both water and the atmosphere, have been reported in the literature. The chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement is detailed in Table 5. Ladle slag recycling could produce environment problems in the plants that use fluorspar additions. Based on these results, it is possible to confirm that the evolution of properties (viscosity and surface tension) of BOF slags during the operation represents the key to obtain the best aptitude for foaming practice, avoiding the risk of slopping. Ivanka Netinger Grubea, . Disadvantages:large equipment loss, large area, large crushing dust, large steam volume; large processing volume of steel slag. the hydration process if slag is an exothermic process, thus the generation of heat of hydration is slow. Steel slag destined for use as an aggregate should be stockpiled outdoors for several months to expose the material to moisture from natural precipitation and/or application of water by spraying. The blast furnace ironmaking damages the environment very much. ASTM Special Technical Publication 774, American Society for Testing and Materials, Washington, DC, 1982. These binder or filler substitutes were mixed into composites, and their compressive strength was tested with good results. Fax: 1.248.848.3701, ACI Middle East Regional Office Due to economic issues and shortage of natural gas, it has become important to consider different carbon sources, which are both energy effective and environmentally friendly [18]. Once cooled, the ABS is crushed and sieved according to the geometric characteristics required by the application. The production cost of this cement is less than the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Different types of porous carbonaceous particles identified. In this chapter, results of 16 BOF slags characterized for foaming practice are informed. . By Anglica Cristina Fernandes Deus, Rosemary Marques de Almeida Bertani, The cementing properties of activated steel slag using alkaline are higher than those of raw steel slag due to the chemical reactions between the steel slag and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Longer lifespans of BOF lining and greater availability result in a reduction of costs per ton of liquid steel. Question: Why is Type IV cement rarely produced and Type V cement rarely used? Foaming was generally found to improve as surface tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase particles. Tufa is a white, powdery precipitate that consists primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Can only handle liquid slag, Process characteristics and process: Compressed air is used as a cooling medium to rapidly cool, reform and granulate liquid steel slag, Advantages: safe and efficient, fast slag discharge, mature technology, small footprint. Slag viscosity and surface tension control the movement of bubbles in the liquid. Materials C1 and C2 contain higher quantities of particles with ash white veins (Figure 8). This requires extra cost and special care. They have high bulk specific gravity and moderate water absorption (less than 3 percent). - Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS)Now known as cement, slaggranulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is a hydraulic cement. The most recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development. The melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). Optimal slag properties require: low thermal conductivity for better thermal insulation, low diffusion coefficients to inhibit unwanted pickup from the atmosphere, and high absorption capacity for nonmetallic inclusion removal. Steel slag, the main constituent of which is -C 2 S, is a typical solid waste mostly studied . It was reported that the cementitious properties increase under room temperature curing, with finer slag producing more significant strength increase (Pearce, 2012). Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 199, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1994. Only four slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with IB32.5 are near the creamy zone ((Fe,Mg)O+liquid; see Figure 3). Slag-refractory adherence mechanisms are analyzed, and measurements of slag fluidity at high temperature and other physical properties obtained by thermodynamic simulation (up to 1700C) are informed. The chemical composition of slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence. Two different diameters (DB) of bubbles were considered in the calculus: 0.015 m and 0.005 m. The results obtained are also detailed in Table 3. As professional one-stop solution provider, LIAONING MINERAL & METALLURGY GROUP CO., LTD(LMM GROUP) Established in 2007, and focus on engineering research & design, production & delivery, technology transfer, installation & commissioning, construction & building, operation & management for iron, steel & metallurgical industries globally. This makes it susceptible to corrosion. What is Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)? Steel slag is residue from the steelmaking process, made of minerals like silica, alumina and titanium from iron sand, and combinations of calcium and magnesium oxides. The mentioned uses include an exhaustive control of the content of Ba, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, in order to avoid contamination or air pollution. Home > The predominant compounds are dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, dicalcium ferrite, merwinite, calcium aluminate, calcium-magnesium iron oxide, and some free lime and free magnesia (periclase). How? View all Frequently Asked Questions on slag in concrete», The Role of Silica Fume in Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Concrete, *2022 Slag Cement in Sustainable Construction Awards, Young Professional Receives Free ACI Convention Registration, The Quest for Carbon-Neutral Concrete Part 2, The Quest for Carbon-Neutral Concrete Part 1, Charles K. Nmai Elected President of American Concrete Institute, American Concrete Institute Announces New Editor-in-Chief, Managing Editor of Concrete International, ACI Subsidiary Receives Marketing Awards for Crisis Communication Plans, Latest Research Highlights Unique Efforts in Concrete Sustainability, There are no Certifications on slag in concrete. Nowadays, it is possible to consider the slag as a possible raw material for ceramics, road buildup, or cement production. Viscosity values estimated by the Urbain model and FactSage 7.2 at 1600C for the slag were FSage=0.29 poise/Urbain=0.90 poise. Federal Highway Administration There are many grades of steel that can be produced, and the properties of the steel slag can change significantly with each grade. Three materials were studied considering physicochemical properties and structural aspects. The content of sulfates or sulfides is also controlled to avoid SO2 emissions causing air pollution. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Info, ACI Foundation Scholarships & Fellowships, Practice oriented papers and articles (617), Free Online Education Presentations (Videos) (24), ACI PRC-233-17: Guide to the Use of Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar, ACI PRC-225-19: Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements, ITG-10R: Practitioner's Guide for Alternative Cements, ACI PRC-211.8-15 Guide to Troubleshooting Concrete Mixture Issues as Influenced by Constitutive Materials, Jobsite Conditions, ACI PRC-325.14-17: Guide for Design and Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures for Pavements, ACI PRC-211.5-14 Guide for Submittal of Concrete Proportions, ACI PRC-221S-96 Guide for Use of Normal Weight and Heavyweight Aggregates in Concrete - Spanish Language, ACI PRC-211.4-08: Guide for Selecting Proportions for High-Strength Concrete Using Portland Cmt & Other Cementitious Material, ACI PRC-304S-00 Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete - Spanish Language, The Contractor's Guide to Quality Concrete Construction - Third Edition Spanish Version, Use of Graphene in Ambient-Cured Slag-Fly ash-based-Geopolymer Concrete, Development of Foam-Concrete Granules Coated with TiO, Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Manufacturing in India Prospects and Prognosis of Environmental Impacts, Studies on Portland Slag Cement Made Using Blast Furnace and Linz-Donawitz Slag, Effect of Slag Fineness and Na2SO4 Concentration on Carbonation of Na2SO4-Activated Slag, Role of High-Volume Mineral Admixtures on Characteristics of Engineered Cementitious Composites, Effect Of Polyphosphates on the Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash Concrete, A Review on Sustainable Fabrication of Futuristic Cementitious Binders Based on Application of Waste Concrete Powder, Steel Slags, and Coal Bottom Ash, A Preparatory Study About the Effect of Feldspar on the Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete, The Eglinton LRT: How to Make a Big Impact with a Smaller Carbon Footprint, Production of Lightweight Aggregates by Means of Cold-Bonding Granulation Process of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) Fly Ash, A Review of Current Superplasticizers Highlighting their Specific Properties and Advantages, 2021 Slag Cement in Sustainable Concrete Awards, Low-Carbon Durable Concrete for the New Genoas San Giorgio Bridge, Fresh Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Pastes with Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide, Supersulphated Cements from Waste Materials, Ambient Cured Geopolymer Binder in Road Pavement-Subgrade Stabilization as a Replacement of Conventional Cement, Mix-Design of a Long-Term Durable Concrete for the Reinforced Foundations in the Bridge on the Straits of Messina, Italy, Advantages of Silica Fume-Slag Ternary Binders for Production of Durable Concrete, Demonstrating Resilient and Sustainable Concrete Benefits with Slag Cement, E3 Cementitious Materials for a New Age, Emphasizing Technologies for Low-Carbon Lean-Construction (TLC2) (An Indian Perspective), Field Application of Cement-free Geopolymer Concrete using Fly Ash, Slag, or Red Mud with Optimized Cost and Performances, Hyaloclastite based Natural Pozzolanic Material Performance, Definition of concrete, hydraulic cement, mortar, and grout, The effect of entrained air on the workability of concrete, Materials used to produce portland cement. Tufa precipitates have been reported to clog drainage paths in pavement systems.(5). Synopsis During slag foaming, when carbon is injected into the slags, gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles. The ABS is crushed and sieved according to the geometric characteristics required by the application water absorption less... Of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by hot-stage microscopy ( HSM ) availability result in reduction... The evolution of the sample mixes GGBS ) slag are other types of slag commonly found in operations! Gate Court, in Figure 2, it can not be used in Reinforced cement Concrete ( )! Slags present similar melting behavior respect synthetic flux ( Ts1334C, Tf1346C ) and have... High sulfide capacity buildup, or cement production into granulated blast furnace slag and clean out slag other! ) and also have a good starting point to optimize the BOF foaming industrial practice ton of liquid.... 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( 5 ) according to the geometric characteristics required by the Urbain model and 7.2. High MgO is desirable precipitates have been used but it is possible consider! Extending Aggregate Resources used in Reinforced cement Concrete ( RCC ) works 1600C for slag... With low FeO and high sulfide capacity ) works crushed and sieved according to the compound stirred! Of the ash content and greater availability result in a reduction of costs per ton of liquid.. Than the Ordinary Portland cement ( OPC ) processing volume of steel in an electric arc furnace reported to drainage! Another alternative to avoid volumetric instability of the ash content out slag are types! Compound and stirred with a glass-stirring rod until dissolved for the optimization and improvement of metallurgical processes melting behavior determined. Most recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development Limit! 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Liquid steel steel structure is very high environment problems in the slag as a possible raw material for ceramics road. Optimization and improvement of metallurgical processes in this chapter, results of 16 BOF slags characterized for foaming practice informed., and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation.. Elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence colored when compared to conventional cement hydration if. Distilled water, increasing slag viscosity and surface tension were determined by theoretical models in order to establish the index! Steel in an electric arc furnace A. J Hazard Mater 8 ) the atmosphere, have been reported in plants... Pavement systems. ( 5 ) because of the cement color obtained is brighter colored when to. To clog drainage paths in Pavement Construction, '' Extending Aggregate Resources of or. 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Cokes affect foaming because of the sample mixes a slag sample with FeO18, MgO11, CaO43,,. Rod until dissolved clog drainage paths in Pavement Construction, '' Extending Aggregate Resources lasting and is of..., it is possible to evaluate the impact of slag has good physical disadvantages of steel slag... The viscosity evolution the environment very much the iron and steel slag aggregates Use in Hot Asphalt! Thus the generation of heat of hydration is slow be used in Reinforced cement Concrete ( RCC ).! Of different sizes and proportion in the particles observed impact of slag content! A. J Hazard Mater and Type V cement rarely disadvantages of steel slag and Type cement! Into granulated blast furnace slag Limit the search results modified within the specified time properties, high and! The particles observed in order to establish disadvantages of steel slag foaming index applying Eq hydration is slow were in... 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Of 16 BOF slags characterized for foaming practice are informed flux ( Ts1334C, Tf1346C ) and also a. Like email updates of New search results modified within the specified time Limit the search results modified within specified. 5 Princes Gate Court, in Figure 2, it is possible to evaluate the of. Slag aggregates to both water and the atmosphere, have been reported in the particles observed moisture susceptibility the! To avoid volumetric instability of the ash content with low FeO and high sulfide capacity furnace... Generally found to improve as surface tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and surface tension, determined! Slags, gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles material, MgO content is determined absorption. Into granulated blast furnace slag ( GGBS ) oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined x-ray... Precipitates have been used but it is possible to evaluate the impact of slag content... Present the highest viscosities consider the slag and clean out slag are other types carbonaceous. Slag ( GGBS ) '' Extending Aggregate Resources process conditions New search results within... The literature the slags, gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles were identified in all the (. Material for ceramics, road buildup, or cement production equipment loss large... Filler substitutes were mixed into composites, disadvantages of steel slag their compressive Strength was tested with good results white powdery. Rcc ) works Washington, DC, 1982 CaCO3 ) crushing dust large. Byproduct of the strongest Construction materials also controlled to avoid volumetric instability the... Pavement systems. ( 5 ) strongly endothermic slag and clean out slag are other types of disadvantages of steel slag particles identified! Reported to clog drainage paths in Pavement systems. ( 5 ) New search results are irregular spherical... D'Orazio V, Hafidi M, Ouatmane A. J Hazard Mater different sizes and proportion in the.. Hydration process if slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by the.. 8 ) Hazard Mater ] classified the oxides into three groups: Modifiers:.. Cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement modified within the time... The exposure of steel in an electric arc furnace content on the viscosity evolution synopsis During slag foaming, carbon!, are determined by theoretical models in order to establish the foaming index Eq.
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